Researching into three main areas which make up the needed information for Book binding.
Theses three areas are:
- Format
You need an understanding of format, so you first know the sizes to make notebooks to, but also having a greater knowledge of different formats within the book area you can create some different types of books.
- Stock
Understanding stock and the different types that are available to use, becomes vital in knowing what to use to create a book / notebook.
- Binding
The obvious area, you need to know about bookbinding and the different binding techniques there are to be able to make the book in the first place.
FORMAT
Standard paper sizes provide a convenient and efficient means for the designer. It enables the designer and printer to communicate well and know that the design will be printed to the correct specifications.
Paper sizes:
Standardised paper sizes provide a all round ease of selecting paper and which size to use, having the different paper sizes which all together make it way for a designer to plan what sizes they need to use for a design, also when printing you can print multiples and set it up easy.
ISO – The ISO standard provides a range of standard paper sizes, so that it can cater for all common printing needs. The ISO range of paper is split down into 3 categories; A , B and C sizes, each category is used for a different purpose:
- A sizes – This series of paper sizes is used for all print matter. It is used to print anything from posters and technical drawings to magazines, office paper and postcards.
- B sizes – This series of paper sizes are used for printing books
- C sizes – This series of paper sizes are used for printing envelopes to fit A sizes. Also known as DL.
Book Sizes:
Books come in a wide variety of sizes, to provide a range of different formats to suit different types of content that will be used within books. A book format is determined by the size of the original sheet of paper used to print on.
Folio editions are formed from signatures once folded to make the separate booklets. Quarto editions are made from signatures folded twice and Octavo made from signatures folded three times.
Each edition and book size is based on the standard ISO and RSA paper sizes, so they will have a relation to one of the paper sizes within those series.
Throw-outs and gatefolds:
Throw-outs and gatefolds are different methods you can use to add extra pages within a publication. These pages create an oversized page and are typically used to show large images or visual elements.
- Gatefold
A gatefold is made up of four panels that are the same size as the publication. It is bound into the publication down the middle with the two fold out pages either side of the spine. This is often used in magazines to provide extra space.
- Throw-outs
A throw-out is made of of three panels. The first two panels are the same size of the publication and the third is slightly smaller. It is bound into the publication between I the first two panels, giving one side an extra panel to fold out. The fold out panel must be slightly smaller so that it can fold and sit within the main page of the publication.
Tip-ins and tip-ons:
A designer can add odd sized pages to publication by using a tip-in or tip-on.
- Tip-in
A tip-in is an extra page/spread that is added to a publication, but the size of this spread is much smaller that the publication. It is bound into the publication like the rest of the pages. As is these pages are smaller than the publication they use be aligned either to the top or bottom edge.
-Tip-on
A tip-on is when a page or other element is placed within a page in the publication. This can be placed anywhere within the publication and is normally something that is temporary; the viewer would take it out.
STOCK
When printing a design or job the designer must select the stock to be printed on, this must be selected right as it can change the appearance and feel of the printed work. The designer must think about the design and objective of the work and make sure the stock will support and enhance the work.
Stock Qualities
When selecting and using a stock for printing you must look at the physical characteristics of the paper; the GSM, grain and paper direction.
- GSM
Stands for grams per square meter. This is a weight measuring system that is part of the paper specification; it is based upon the weight of the paper for a square meter. The higher the GSM value is, the thicker and heavier a piece of paper will feel.
- Paper Grain
Paper produced on paper machine has a grain because the fibres from which it is made line up during the manufacturing process in the direction that it passes through the papermaking machine. The grain is the direction in which most of the fibres lay. This characteristic means that paper is easier to fold, bend or tear along its grain direction.
- Direction
The direction of fibres in printing paper for laser printers typically have a grain that runs parallel to the long side of the paper. This is so the paper can pass through the printer easier.
Paper Types
Many different types of paper stock are available for any designer to use. Using a variety of paper stocks within one design can add to it and make it more interesting.
Types of stocks:
- Coated paper
Paper with clay or other coating applied to one or both sides. Coated papers are available in gloss, silk, or matt finish and are used for projects requiring a fine finish.
Coated paper generally produces sharper, brighter images and has better reflectivity than uncoated paper.
Used to print brochures, leaflets and posters. Typically used for high volume print runs.
- Uncoated paper
Paper that doesn’t have any kind of coating applied is uncoated paper. Through not having a coating this stock is not as smooth as a coated page. There are many different finishes, colours and weights available with this type of paper and is generally a more absorbent stock. Used for business stationery and in laser printers. Uncoated papers are usually used in conjunction with coated paper, to add extra texture to a project or on its own, as it is more cost effective.
- Wove
Paper made on a closely woven wire roller or mold. It has a faint mesh pattern within the grain of the paper. This paper type is popular for stationery and book publishing.
- Laid
Laid paper is a premium quality paper stock with a textured pattern of parallel lines within the grain. Commonly used for business stationery.
- Bond
This is a economic, uncoated woven paper, often used for copying or in laser printers. A high quality bond stock would be used for letterheads
- Antique
A high quality paper with a clay coating on both sides, leaving the paper with a textured finish. The stock is available with a rough or matt surface and is typically used to add texture to a design or publication. This stock would be good for halftones or a design that have a lot of definition and detail.
- Artboard
Uncoated, stiff board. Typically used as a cover stock for publications.
- Cartridge
A thick white paper, with a stiff feel. This stock is used a lot with artists and mainly within sketchbooks as ink and pencil drawings are produced well on it. The stock has a textured finish to it. Used mainly for sketchbooks, stationery and annual reports
- Chromo
A waterproof coating is applied to one side of this stock to allow for embossing and varnishing processes to be used. This stock can be glossy or matt. Used for labels, wrappings and covers.
- Greyboard
Lined or unlined board made from waste paper. It has a rough texture, good bulk and is grey in colour. Used for packaging material or covers for publications.
- Newsprint
Made primarily of mechanically ground wood pulp, this is the cheapest paper than can withstand standard printing processes. It has a short life span and reproduction of colour is low quality. Used for newspapers and comics.
BOOKBINDING
Bookbinding is a variety of processes in which produce a finished book. Within the book itself, there are many elements and terminology that make up a book, which you should know:
- Head and Tail bands
Head and Tail bands can be patterned or coloured, depending on the fabric selected.
- Bulk
The dust jacket spine measurement needs to take into account the book block bulk, when depends on the number of signatures, with the addition of 3mm for the boards. As a rule, the spine will measure whatever the bulk measures plus an extra 6-7mm.
- Text block
The text block of book block is comprised of the printed signatures or sections that will form the pages of the publication.
- Flaps
Flaps are an extension of the cover or dust jacket, which fold back into the publication. These keep the dust jacket attached around the publication and usually will hold information about the author, a synopsis on the work, or any other information. The flaps can be any size but 75mm is considered enough for the dust jacket to grip into the book.
- End pages
These are the pages that secure the text block to the boards of the cover. They are typically made from a strong stock such as cartridge paper.
- Dual binding
Some publications feature dual bindings where two or more separate book blocks are united into one publication such as the z-bind.
Binding Types
Binding is a process in which the pages of a publication are gathered and held together so that it can function as a book/publication.
Types of binding:
- Comb bind
A spine of plastic rings that bind and allow a document to open flat
- Spiral Bind
A spiral of metal wire that winds through punched holes allowing the publication to open flat
- Wiro Bind
A spine of metal rings that bind and allow a document to open flat
- Open Bind
A book without a cover to leave an exposed spine
- Belly Band
A printed band that wraps around a publication to hold it together.
- Singer Stitch
A binding method whereby the pages are sewn together with one continual thread.
- Elastic Bind
An informal binding whereby an elastic band holds the pages together and nestles in the center fold.
- Clips and Bolts
A fastening device that holds loose pages together. This usually requires the insertion of a punched or drilled hole for the bolt or clip to pass through.
- Perfect Bound
The backs of sections are removed and held together with a flexible adhesive, which also attaches a paper cover to the spine and the fore edge trimmed flat.
- Case or Edition bind
A common hard cover bookbinding method that sews signatures together, flattens the spine, applies endsheets and head and tailbands to the spine. Hard covers are attached, the spine is usually rounded and the grooves along the cover edge act as hinges.
- Canadian
A wiro-bound publication with a wrap-around cover and an enclosed spine. A complete wrap-around cover is a full Canadian and a partial wrap-around is a half Canadian.
- Saddle Stitch
Signatures are nested and bound with wire stitches, applies through the spine and along the centerfold.
- Z-bind
A z-bind features a ‘z’ shaped cover, which is used to join two separate text blocks, with both sections having a perfect bind. This provides a clear yet functional way of separating different types of content.
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